Urinary Indwelling Catheter Management
This clinical information sheet has been developed to assist RACF staff, medical practitioners and relevant professionals involved in the management of indwelling urinary catheters for people living in residential aged care facilities.
It covers:
About Indwelling Urinary Catheters; Assessment; Management; Further Considerations; and Sources of Information
Reference Cards:
Urinary Catheterisation of a female
Urinary Catheterisation of a male
This clinical information sheet is a guide only. It should be used with consideration to the:
Resident’s preferences, existing medical care plans, and advance care plan Health professional’s role, knowledge, preferences and professional experience Policies and resources available within the RACF Requirements of local professional registration and regulatory bodies Relevant local legislation.
About Indwelling Urinary Catheters
As many as 50% of catheterised residents develop catheter-related problems [1], UTI accounts for more than 40% of infections reported in RACFs, of which the majority are related to urinary catheterisation [2]. Risk of infection following catheterisation depends on the technique used for catheter insertion, duration of catheterisation and the quality of catheter care [2].
Assessment
Indications for insertion of an Indwelling Catheter
Catheters should only be inserted when clinically necessary and after discussion between the medical practitioner, RACF staff and resident and/or relatives [1-5]. The following are indications for long-term (longer than 14 days [5]) catheterisation:
Urinary tract obstruction that is not correctable medically or surgically, or where medical or surgical interventions are considered inappropriate for the resident; Extensive skin breakdown caused or exacerbated by incontinence; Neurogenic bladder and retention; Palliative care for terminally ill or severely incontinent residents for whom attendance of continence care and hygiene is uncomfortable; and Preference of a resident who has not responded to other incontinence interventions [1-4].
Short-term catheterisation may be considered for:
Residents who have undergone recent urologic surgery; Residents for whom accurate measure of urinary output is required; and Management of acute urinary retention [1, 3, 4].
When an indwelling catheter is used it should be removed as soon as possible to reduce the risk of catheter-related urinary tract infection (UTI) [2-5].
Risks of Catheterisation
Risks of catheterisation include UTI, structural damage to the urinary tract, bleeding, false passage and resident discomfort [2]. The risk of developing catheter-associated UTI ranges from 1-5% in individuals who have one intermittent catheterisation, to 20% of individuals with indwelling catheters with closed drainage systems [4, 5]. Long-term catheterisation poses a risk of chronic renal inflammation, chronic pyelonephritis, development of calculi (kidney stones), and symptomatic UTI that may lead to bacteraemia, sepsis and death [3]. The decision to catheterise a resident should be made with consideration to the resident’s preference, the benefits the resident may gain from the procedure, and the risks to the resident.
Supra Pubic Catheters
Supra pubic catheters are surgically inserted through the abdominal wall into the bladder thereby diverting urine from the urethra. There is a slightly reduced risk of infection than with an IDC, and some residents may be more comfortable with a supra pubic catheter. Disadvantages of supra pubic catheters include the risk of cellulitis, leakage, hematoma at the insertion site, and prolapse through the urethra [6]. After they have been inserted, supra pubic catheters should be managed the same as IDCs. The skin area around the catheter insertion site should be washed with soap and water daily and the area kept dry. Avoid the use powder or creams around the catheter site.
After a supra pubic catheter has been surgically inserted, the catheter may be changed by a registered nurse Division 1 if required. Indications for changing are the same as for an IDC. The technique is the same as that for inserting/changing an IDC (See Sections 3 and 4), however, the catheter is inserted through the hole in the abdomen until urine returns, then gently inserted for another 2 centimetres [6].
Intermittent Catheterisation
Intermittent catheterisation on either a short or long term basis should be considered. The literature suggests there is no increase in rate of UTI development between long term intermittent catheterisation and either IDC or supra pubic catheter, and in the short term the rate of infection has been shown to be lower when using intermittent catheterisation [1, 3, 5]. Elderly residents have been shown to regain voiding more quickly following hip surgery when intermittent catheterisation was used [3].
Selection of Catheter Size
Because an incorrect catheter size contributes to the risk of developing a catheter-related UTI and structural damage to the urinary tract, consideration should be given to catheter size [1, 2]. It is recommended that the smallest gauge possible should be used as catheters of larger gauges, i.e. greater than size 16, may cause pressure necrosis of the urethra leading to catheter leakage and resident discomfort [2, 3]. In most cases a 12Fg or 14Fg should be used for a female resident, and 12Fg - 16Fg for a male resident [1, 3]. It is recommended that catheters with balloons that hold 5-10ml of fluid be used. Larger balloons increase bladder irritation, contributing to catheter leakage and increasing the risk of stricture formation [1-3].
Use of Surgical Sterile Technique
Evidence suggests that use of surgical sterile technique (sterile scrub, use of sterile gloves and gown, strict no-touch technique) to insert a catheter does not reduce the rate of UTI development. Aseptic technique using sterile equipment is recommended for the insertion of indwelling or intermittent catheters. Hand washing should be performed immediately before and after all catheter-related interventions [1-4, 7].
Management
Procedure for Female Catheterisation
Equipment
The following equipment is required [4]:
Disposable catheter pack; 1 sachet normal saline; 2 sterile catheters; 1 sterile urinary drainage bag; 10ml syringe; 10ml sterile water; Incontinence sheet 10ml syringe Lignocaine anaesthetic jelly; Disposable gloves; Catheter support; Sterile scissors; Angle lamp; and Adhesive tape
Ensure that the expiration date and condition of all equipment is checked, and organise for replacement of stock according to RACF policy.
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Procedure Inserting an Indwelling Catheter for a Female Resident [2]
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1. |
Explain the procedure, answer questions and prepare the resident. |
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2. |
Resident or nurse should shower the resident or wash the resident’s pubic area with soap and water. |
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3. |
Ensure the resident’s bed or examination table is at the correct height to prevent strain on your back whilst performing the procedure. Place the resident in a recumbent position, knees flexed and wide apart with incontinence sheet under resident. |
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4. |
Position the lamp to maximise light on the pubic region. |
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5. |
Open disposable catheter pack. |
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6. |
Wash hands. |
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7. |
Open and add extra equipment to the catheter pack using aseptic technique. Place catheter in the receiver. Attach syringe to centre of nozzle and open lignocaine anaesthetic jelly. |
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8. |
Saturate cotton wool balls with normal saline.
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9. |
Put on glove. |
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10. |
Using forceps and cotton wool balls cleanse the resident’s labia majora using a downward stroke. Hold labia part with gloved hand and cleanse the resident’s labia minora and urethral opening. |
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11. |
Place a small amount of lubricant into the receiver. Slowly insert anaesthetic jelly into urethral opening. |
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12. |
Discard one glove and syringe. |
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13. |
Position the sterile towel to establish a sterile field between the resident’s legs. |
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14. |
Using forceps, place receiver and drainage bag on the sterile field. |
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15. |
With fingers, remove the cap from the drainage bag and place the sterile end into the receiver. |
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16. |
With fingers, pick up catheter, remove distal sheath and connect catheter to the drainage bag. |
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17. |
Fill the syringe with the required amount of sterile water. Inflate the catheter balloon and check for leaks. Deflate the balloon and leave syringe attached. |
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18. |
With fingers near the serration, remove the proximal end of the catheter sheath, or use scissors if necessary. |
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19. |
Using gloved hand, lubricate the catheter tip. Separate the resident’s labia and gently insert the catheter directly into the resident’s urethra without contaminating the catheter. Check for flow of urine to confirm correct positioning. |
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20. |
Inflate the catheter balloon and gently withdraw the catheter until resistance is felt. |
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21. |
Remove the remaining plastic sheath from the catheter. |
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22. |
Dry the resident. Secure the catheter on the resident’s thigh in a position that will minimise dragging or kinking of the catheter. Hang the catheter bag below the level of the resident’s bladder. Follow the RACF’s policy in relation to covering catheter bags. |
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23. |
Ensure the resident is comfortable and clear the area. |
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24. |
Wash hands. |
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25. |
Document the date of the catheter insertion in the resident’s notes and care plan. Communicate the procedure to other staff as per RACF policy. |
See Reference Card: Urinary Catheterisation of a Female.
Procedure for Male Catheterisation
In most instances a medical practitioner performs male catheterisation, however the procedure may be delegated to a registered nurse Division 1, if required [2].
Equipment
The following equipment is required [2]:
Disposable catheter pack; 1 sachet normal saline; 2 sterile catheters; 1 sterile urinary drainage bag; 10ml syringe; 10ml sterile water; Incontinence sheet; 10ml syringe lignocaine anaesthetic jelly and chlorhexidine; Adhesive tape; and Disposable gloves.
Ensure that the expiration date and condition of all equipment is checked, and organise for replacement of stock according to RACF policy.
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Procedure Inserting an Indwelling Catheter for a Male Resident [2]
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1. |
Explain the procedure, answer questions and prepare the resident. |
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2. |
Ensure the resident’s bed or examination table is at the correct height to prevent strain on your back whilst performing the procedure. Place the resident in a supine position with incontinence sheet under resident. |
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3. |
Open disposable catheter pack. |
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4. |
Wash hands. |
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5. |
Open and add extra equipment to the catheter pack using aseptic technique. Place catheter and 1 pair of forceps into the receiver. Attach syringe to centre of nozzle and open lignocaine anaesthetic jelly. |
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6. |
Saturate cotton wool balls with normal saline. |
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7. |
With a paper towel, pick up the resident’s penis and retract the resident’s foreskin if necessary. |
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8. |
Clean the resident’s meatus and glans using the forceps and saturated cotton wool balls. |
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9. |
Position a second paper towel under the resident’s penis and lower the penis onto the towel. Discard the first paper towel. |
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10. |
Position the sterile towel leaving only the cleaned part of the resident’s penis exposed. |
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11. |
Using the drape, hold the resident’s penis in a vertical position. Place a small amount of lubricant into the receiver and slowly insert the anaesthetic lignocaine jelly into the resident’s urethra. Hold the jelly insitu for 3 minutes. Discard syringe. |
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12. |
Using forceps, place receiver and drainage bag on the sterile field. |
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13. |
With fingers, pick up catheter, removal distal sheath and connect the catheter to the drainage bag. |
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14. |
Fill the syringe with the required amount of sterile water. Inflate the catheter balloon and check for leaks. Deflate the balloon and leave syringe attached. |
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15. |
With fingers near the serration, remove the proximal end of the catheter sheath, or use scissors if necessary. |
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16. |
Lubricate the catheter tip. Using the drape, hold the resident’s penis vertically and use the forceps to gently insert the catheter into the resident’s urethra. Check for urine flow to ensure correct positioning. |
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17. |
Inflate the catheter balloon and gently withdraw the catheter until resistance is felt. |
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18. |
Dry the resident’s penis to remove all anaesthetic lignocaine jelly. Replace foreskin if necessary. Secure the catheter on the resident’s lower abdomen or thigh in a position that will minimise dragging or kinking of the catheter. Hang the catheter bag below the level of the resident’s bladder. Follow the RACF’s policy in relation to covering catheter bags. |
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19. |
Ensure the resident is comfortable and clear the area. |
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20. |
Wash hands. |
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21. |
Document the date of the catheter insertion in the resident’s notes and care plan. Communicate the procedure to other staff as per RACF policy. |
See Reference Card: Urinary Catheterisation of a Male.
Ongoing Catheter Care
Positioning of Catheter and Urinary Bag
Kinking of the catheter tube can cause back flow and increase the risk of infection. The drainage bag should be kept lower than the resident without resting on the floor [2]. The catheter should be properly secured after insertion to promote resident comfort and prevent movement, traction and potential kinking of the tube [2-4].
Emptying the Urinary Bag
The urinary drainage system should be kept closed at all times to reduce the risk of UTI. The urinary catheter bag should be emptied regularly (at least once/shift) and a separate collection jug should be used for each resident to minimise the risk of cross infection [4]. Contamination should be prevented when emptying the catheter bag. Wear disposable gloves and wipe the drainage bag outlet with an alcohol swap after emptying the bag [2]. Urine output should be recorded according to the RACF’s policy.
Catheter Toilet
Literature suggests that routine catheter toilets (meatal cleansing) do not reduce the incidence of UTI. The procedure may be effective in promoting the resident’s comfort [2-4, 7]. In female residents the vulva, inner labia and catheter should be cleansed thoroughly with soap and water, then rinsed. In male residents the meatus, penis, scrotal area and first part of the catheter should be cleansed with soap and water then rinsed. In uncircumcised male residents the foreskin should be pulled back, washed and dried then replaced [2]. The literature suggests that clean tap water and soap is as effective as any antimicrobial solutions, e.g. Povidone iodine, for cleaning of genitalia [2, 3, 7].
Catheter Changes
There is no evidence to suggest that fixed interval catheter changes reduce the risk of catheter blockage or development of catheter-associated UTI. Catheters should only be changed if an obstruction occurs [1-4]. If a catheter frequently obstructs and requires irrigation, it is likely that the catheter is the cause of obstruction, e.g. excessive build up of biofilm material. This is an indication for catheter change [4].
Management of Catheter Problems
Inadequate aseptic technique during catheter insertion and interruptions to the closed drainage system are significant causes of UTI in residents with catheters. All RACF staff handling IDCs should receive regular education on the importance of hand-washing and use of aseptic technique [2, 5]. Avoidance of breaking the closed drainage system, e.g. minimising detachment of the urinary collection bag, is the most effective method of preventing catheter-associated UTI [2, 5]. Encouraging an increase in fluid intake, where this is not medically contraindicated, has also been shown to be effective in reducing the risk of UTI development [2].
To reduce the risk of cross-infection, catheterised residents with UTI should not share a room (or at a minimum, adjacent beds) with catheterised residents without UTI [2, 4]. RACF staff should be diligent about washing hands before and after handling each resident’s IDC [2-4]. If possible, devices used for emptying collection bags should be clean and resident-specific [3].
Asymptomatic UTI occurs frequently in residents with an IDC and usually health professionals choose not to treat it. Only symptomatic infection should be treated in residents with long-term catheters [3, 4]. If a resident with an IDC displays symptoms of a UTI, e.g. fever for more than 1 day, unusually cloudy urine, more frequent blockage or bladder spasms [3], then the resident’s GP should be consulted.
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The following strategies for preventing UTI should be considered with caution. They have been shown to be ineffective in reducing the incidence of catheter-associated UTIs, and may increase the risk of UTI development.
Prophylactic bladder irrigations using antibiotics, hydrogen peroxide or povidone-iodine [3, 7] Regular meatal cleansing using povidone-iodine or soap and water [2-4, 7] Routine fixed interval IDC changes [2-4] Routine monitoring for infection control purposes (e.g. periodic urine cultures) [2-4] Prophylactic use of systemic antibiotics, methenamine (Hiprex) and acidifying agents [3].
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Catheter Leakage
Catheter leakage can occur due to IDC blockage, UTI or bladder spasms, which may occur in residents with long term IDCs. Spasming of the bladder creates a force that overwhelms the drainage capacity of the catheter, resulting in leakage. Where the likely cause is a catheter blockage, e.g. no urine has flowed into the collection bag over 4 hours, a catheter irrigation may be performed (see below). If the blockage is unresolved or regularly recurring, the IDC should be changed [3]. Where leakage is regularly occurring and thought to be due to bladder spasm, the resident’s GP should be informed and the need for an IDC reviewed [3].. The resident’s GP may consider the use of antispasmodics in alleviating spasm due to detrusor instability. Catheter leakage should not be corrected by using a larger diameter catheter [3].
Obstruction of a Catheter
The development of biofilm material (encrustation) is caused by build up of microorganisms and cellular material and may lead to obstruction of the IDC [2, 3]. Encrustation is more likely to occur when the urine is more alkaline [2]. Methenamine (Hiprex) preparations and dietary intake that lowers the urine pH may be beneficial in reducing episodes of obstruction [3].
Where it is unavoidable, catheter irrigations can be performed to remove debris build up that may lead to obstruction of an IDC (see below) [2-4]. Catheters that remain obstructed (no urine flow for 4-8 hours) and catheters that remain patent only due to frequent irrigation, should be replaced [3, 4]. There is no recommended frequency for performing catheter irrigation, however, research suggests that residents who are likely to develop an IDC blockage should be identified [2-4]. Factors to consider in identifying residents at risk include:
Catheter Irrigation
Indications
Catheter irrigation (bladder washout) may be indicated if a resident has a catheter leakage or blockage.
Equipment [2, 4]
The following equipment is required:
Disposable catheter pack; 1 sterile area towel; 50ml catheter tip syringe; 2 2 litre sterile jugs; 30ml normal saline; Incontinence sheet; 1 pair sterile gloves; 1 alcohol wipe; and irrigation solution (sterile water or sterile saline) at room temperature
Ensure that the expiration date and condition of all equipment is checked, and organise for replacement of stock according to RACF policy.
Procedure for performing a catheter irrigation [2]
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Procedure for performing a Catheter Irrigation [2]
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1. |
Explain the procedure, answer questions and prepare the resident. |
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2. |
Open the catheter pack using aseptic technique. |
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3. |
Ensure the resident’s bed or examination table is at the correct height to prevent strain on your back whilst performing the procedure. Prepare the incontinence sheet under resident and release the adhesive tape anchoring the catheter. |
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4. |
Open the other equipment, setting up the sterile field using the sterile forceps. Discard the forceps, pour the normal saline into the catheter pack to soak cotton balls and prepare the irrigation fluid in a sterile jug. |
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5. |
Using the forceps and cotton balls, clean the resident’s meatus and the whole catheter. |
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6. |
Use the alcohol wipe to disinfect the catheter end and disconnect the catheter then place on the sterile towel. Wrap the drainage bag in the second sterile towel and place it aside. |
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7. |
Put on gloves. |
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8. |
Place the receiver on the sterile towel and put the catheter in it. |
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9. |
Fill the 50ml syringe with irrigation fluid and connect the syringe nozzle to the catheter end. |
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10. |
Insert the irrigation fluid and aspirate fluid continuously using some force. Although some force is required to remove debris build-up, if excessive force is used to aspirate the injected fluid trauma may result. When performing this procedure the nurse should assess the amount of force required and the comfort of the resident to determine whether the catheter requires changing. |
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11. |
Continue aspiration until the returning fluid is clear and free of debris. |
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12. |
Empty the receiver into disposable jugs as necessary |
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13. |
Wipe the end of the urinary drainage bag with the alcohol swab and re-connect the catheter. |
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14. |
Dry the resident. Secure the catheter on the resident’s thigh in a position that will minimise dragging or kinking of the catheter. Hang the catheter bag below the level of the resident’s bladder. Follow the RACF’s policy in relation to covering catheter bags. |
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15. |
Ensure the resident is comfortable and clear the area. |
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16. |
Wash hands. |
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17. |
Document in the resident’s notes and fluid balance chart, recording the amount of fluid inserted as input and the amount of fluid returned as output. Communicate the procedure to oher staff as per RACF policy. |
Removing a Catheter
Equipment
The following equipment is required [2]:
1 disposable receiver; Paper towel; Syringe; and Non sterile gloves
Ensure that the expiration date and condition of all equipment is checked, and organise for replacement of stock according to RACF policy.
Procedure for removing a catheter [2]
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Procedure for removing a Catheter [4]
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1. |
Explain the procedure, answer questions and prepare the resident. |
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2. |
Place the receiver between the resident’s thighs. |
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3. |
Wash hands and put on the non-sterile gloves. |
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4. |
Attach the syringe to the balloon valve and withdraw the entire contents of the balloon. |
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5. |
Remove the catheter and place it in the receiver. |
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6. |
Ensure the resident is comfortable and clear the area. |
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7. |
Measure any remaining urine in the urine collection bag, disconnect the catheter from the drainage bag and dispose of catheter equipment in an appropriate infectious waste bin. |
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8. |
Wash hands. |
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9. |
Document in the resident’s notes, care plan and fluid balance chart and communicate the procedure to other staff as per RACF policy. |
Sources of Information
Where to go for more information
Continence Foundation of Australia
A group of health professionals, consumers and organisations, that provides information and support for incontinent individuals and their carers.
Contact: (03) 9347 2522
Website: http://www.contfound.org.au/default.php
MS Australia
An organisation, that provides education and support to individuals with multiple sclerosis. MS Australia provides help and advice on a variety of issues (including catheter care) relevant to residents diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.
Contact: (02) 9646 0600
Website: http://www.msaustralia.org.au/msinformation/index.htm
References
RDNS Research Unit, Promoting evidence-based nursing practice in continence management. The Pursuit of Excellent, 2001(2). Joanna Briggs Institute, Aged Care Practice Manual. 2nd ed. 2003, Adelaide: JBI. D Cravens,S Zweig, Urinary Catheter Management. Practical Therapeutics (American Academy of Family Physicians), 2000. January. Wong E,Hooton T, Guideline for Prevention of Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections. 1981, Atlanta, Georgia: Centre for Disease Control. Niël-Weise B,van den Broek P, Urinary catheter policies for long-term management of voiding in adults (Protocol for a Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, 2003. 4. B Brillhart, Types of Urinary Management Systems, Part II, in http://nursing.asu.edu/researchprojects/brillhart/ (accessed March2004), Arizona State University. 2003 Joanna Briggs Institute, Management of short term indwelling urinary catheters to prevent urinary tract infection. Best Practice, 2000. 4(1): p. 1-6. National Health And Medical Research Council, (NHMRC), Guidelines for the development and implementation of clinical practice guidelines. 1995, Canberra: AGPS.
Levels of Evidence
The guideline has been developed using the process outlined in Chapter Five of the GP and Residential Aged Care Kit.
The information presented is developed from reputable Level IV evidence, including the JBI Aged Care Manual that was developed from a comprehensive literature review; consensus guidelines produced by the American Academy of Family Physicians and Centre for Disease Control; and RDNS recommendations based on extensive literature review. Information presented on catheter-related UTI is based on Level I evidence.
The following table outlines the level of evidence of each reference:
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Reference |
Year |
Level of Evidence* |
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1. |
RDNS Research Unit |
2001 |
Level IV evidence |
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2. |
Joanna Briggs Institute |
2003 |
Level IV evidence |
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3. |
D Cravens, S Zweig |
2000 |
Level IV evidence |
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4. |
Wong E,Hooton T |
1981 |
Level IV evidence |
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5. |
B Niël-Weise, P van den Broek |
2003 |
Level IV evidence |
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6. |
B Brillhart |
2003 |
Level IV evidence |
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7. |
Joanna Briggs Institute |
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Level I evidence |
Literature was identified through a standardised search for systematic reviews and clinical guidelines published by relevant health organisations; and ‘clinical guidelines’ and ‘practice guidelines’ in CINAHL & MEDLINE databases and HONcode search engine. Literature was evaluated according to relevance to residential aged care patients, and strength of evidence using the NHMRC (1995) [8] scale for randomised control data and lower levels of evidence when RCT is not available. The scale was adapted by adding a level of evidence (Level V) for non-referenced material developed in local RACFs. The scale was adapted by adding a level of evidence (Level V) for non-referenced material, eg developed in RACFs. Prescribing information is consistent with the Australian Therapeutic Guidelines, at the time of writing.
Applicability of information
This Clinical Information Sheet has been developed with consideration to legislation and any requirements of or recommendations from professional registration groups or regulating bodies (e.g. NBV, RCNA, ANF) overseeing the residential aged care industry in Victoria, Australia. Readers outside Victoria, Australia are advised to review the material in the context of their local legislation and health system regulations.
This Clinical Information Sheet was developed using the process outlined in Section 5, and is provided under the terms of the disclaimer in Section 1 of the GP and Residential Aged Care Kit.
GP and Residential Aged Care Kit: http://nwmdgp.org.au/pages/after_hours/
For more detailed or up to date information than is provided in this CIS, please refer to cited sources and current literature.
Reference Cards for Urinary Indwelling Catheter Management
The following reference cards are designed to be used in conjunction with the Urinary Indwelling Catheter Management Information Sheet. Because the evidence base and availability of national guidelines for clinical care and multidisciplinary service delivery is rapidly changing, we strongly recommend that the these Reference Cards be regularly reviewed and revised as with Clinical Information Sheets.
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Reference Cards:
Urinary Catheterisation of Female
Urinary Catheterisation of Male
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